Kalimat aktif (active
voice) adalah kalimat yang subjeknya melakukan sebuah pekerjaan atau kegiatan.
Kebalikan dari kalimat ini adalah kalimat pasif (passive voice), yang memiliki
arti di-. Supaya lebih jelas, lihat perbedaan dua kalimat tersebut pada
contoh berikut.
Kalimat aktif:
I clean my room every day. [Saya membersihkan kamarku setiap hari.]
Kalimat pasif: My
room is cleaned by me every day. [Kamarku dibersihkan olehku setiap
hari.]
Rumus
kalimat aktif
Dalam kalimat aktif,
Sesuatu yang melakukan tindakan adalah subjek kalimat dan sesuatu yang menerima
tindakan adalah objek. Kebanyakan kalimat dalam bahasa inggris merupakan
kalimat aktif.
[Subject/Sesuatu
yang melakukan tindakan] + [Verb/kata kerja] + [Object/Sesuatu yang menerima
tindakan]
Rumus
kalimat pasif
Dalam kalimat pasif,
sesuatu yang menerima tindakan adalah subjek kalimat dan sesuatu yang melakukan
tindakan(bersifat opsional, dapat ditulis atau tidak) ditulis dekat dengan
akhir kalimat. Kita dapat menggunakan bentuk pasif jika kita berpikir bahwa
sesuatu yang menerima tindakan merukanan hal yang lebih penting atau harus
ditekankan kepada pendengar. kita juga dapat menggunakan bentuk pasif
jika kita tidak tahu siapa yang melakukan tindakan atau jika kita
tidak ingin menyebutkan siapa yang melakukan tindakan.
[Sesuatu
yang menerima tindakan] + [be] + [past participle(verb 3) dari kata kerja] +
[by] + [sesuatu yang melakukan tindakan]
Cara
membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif
1.
Gunakan is, am, atau are jika kalimat
aktifnya menggunakan V1
Jika kalimat aktifnya menggunakan verb 1
(simple present tense), gunakan is, am, are, atau is untuk membuat kalimat
pasifnya. Contoh:
·
We clean the house every week.
[Kami membersihkan rumah setiap minggu.]
The house is cleaned by us
every week. [Rumah dibersihkan oleh kami setiap minggu.]
·
She kicks the ball very hard.
[Dia menendang bola dengan sangat keras.]
The ball is kicked by her very
hard. [Bola ditendang olehnya dengan sangat keras.]
2.
Gunakan was atau were jika kalimat
aktifnya menggunakan verb 2
Jika kalimat aktifnya menggunakan verb 2
(simple past tense), gunakan was atau were untuk membuat kalimat pasifnya.
Contoh:
·
I called my mother yesterday.
[Saya menelepon ibuku kemarin.]
My mother was called by me
last night. [Ibuku ditelepon olehku kemarin.]
·
She ate two hamburgers at a
time. [Dia makan dua hamburger sekaligus.]
Two hamburgers were eaten by
her at a time. [Dua hamburger dimakan sekaligus oleh dia.]
3.
Sisipkan been di antara have dan verb 3
Jika kalimat aktif menggunakan have +
verb 3 (perfect tense), sisipkan been di antara have dan verb 3 untuk membuat
kalimat pasifnya. Namun, Anda harus menyesuaikan have dengan subjek di kalimat
pasifnya.
Contoh present
perfect tense:
·
Sarah has made many cakes.
[Ibuku sudah membuat beberapa kue.]
Many cakes have been made by
Sarah. [Beberapa kue sudah dibuat oleh Sarah.]
Contoh past
perfect tense:
·
Raffi had told a nice story to
me. [Raffi telah menceritakan sebuah cerita yang menarik padaku.]
A nice story had been told by
Raffi to me. [Sebuah cerita yang menarik telah diceritakan Raffi padaku.]
4.
Tambahkan being sebelum verb 3 jika
kalimat aktifnya continuous tense
Jika kalimat aktifnya berupa continuous
tense, tambahkan being sebelum verb 3 untuk membuat kalimat pasifnya. Mohon
diingat, to be-nya disesuaikan dengan subjek kalimat pasifnya.
Contoh present
continuous tense:
·
Agus is writing a book. [Agus
sedang menulis sebuah buku.]
A book is being written by
Agus. [Sebuah buku sedang ditulis oleh Agus.]
Contoh past
continuous tense:
·
We were discussing the problem
last night. [Kami sedang mendiskusikan masalah tadi malam.]
The problem was being
discussed by us last night. [Masalah sedang didiskusikan oleh kami tadi
malam.]
5.
Tambahkan be sebelum verb 3 jika kalimat
aktif menggunakan modal
Jika kalimat aktif menggunakan modal,
tambahkan be sebelum verb 3 untuk membuat kalimat pasifnya. Contoh:
·
I will solve the problem soon.
[Saya akan menyelesaikan masalah itu segera.]
The problem will be solved by
me soon. [Masalah itu akan diselesaikan segera oleh saya.]
·
You can borrow these books.
[Anda dapat meminjam buku-buku ini.]
The books can be borrowed by
you. [Buku-buku ini dapat dipijam oleh Anda.]
Ada beberapa hal yang
perlu diperhatikan dalam membuat kalimat pasif, yatu:
1.
By – By dalam kalimat pasif tidak
wajib ditulis (optional). Dengan kata lain, Anda bisa menggunakannya atau
tidak.
2.
Kalimat non verbal – Kalimat non
verbal (tanpa kata kerja) tidak dapat dibentuk menjadi kalimat pasif. Contoh:
We
are member of this cafe.
This
cafe is membered by us. (kalimat salah)
3.
Kalimat tanpa objek – Kalimat tanpa
objek tidak dapat dibentuk menjadi kalimat pasif. Contoh:
I
go to school every morning. (school every morning adalah keterangan)
Active
|
Passive
|
||
Simple Present
|
Twice a month, Tony cleans the room.
|
Twice a month, the room is cleaned by Tony.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
Right now, Sally is cleaning the floor.
|
Right now, the floor is being cleaned by Sally.
|
|
Simple Past
|
Samadi repaired the radio.
|
The radio was repaired by Samadi.
|
|
Past Continuous
|
The security was helping the customer when the thief came into the bank.
|
The customer was being helped by the security when the thief came into
the bank.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Many peoples have visited that cemetery.
|
That cemetery has been visited by many peoples.
|
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Recently, Joshua has been doing the job.
|
Recently, the job has been being done by Joshua.
|
|
Past Perfect
|
Gerry had repaired many computers before he received his license.
|
Many computers had been repaired by Gerry before he received his license.
|
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
The Chef had been preparing the dinners for three years before he moved
to Swiss.
|
The dinners had been being prepared by the Chef for three years before he
moved to Swiss.
|
|
Simple Futurewill
|
Sam will finish the work by 7:00 PM.
|
The work will be finished by 7:00 PM.
|
|
Simple Futurebe going to
|
Sally is going to make a dinner tonight.
|
A dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
|
|
Future Continuouswill
|
At 9:00 PM tonight, Josh will be cleaning the desk.
|
At 9:00 PM tonight, the desk will be being cleaned by Josh.
|
|
Future Continuous be going to
|
At 9:00 PM tonight, Josh going to be cleaning the desk.
|
At 9:00 PM tonight, the desk are going to be being cleaned by Josh.
|
|
Future Perfectwill
|
Peoples will have completed the job before the deadline.
|
The job will have been completed before the deadline.
|
|
Future Perfectbe going to
|
Peoples are going to have completed the job before the deadline.
|
The job is going to have been completed before the deadline.
|
|
Future Perfect Continuouswill
|
Andi will have been painting the building for over six months by the time
it is finished.
|
The building will have been being painted by Andi for over six months by
the time it is finished.
|
|
Future Perfect Continuous be going to
|
Andi is going to have been painting the building for over six months by
the time it is finished.
|
The building is going to have been being painted by Andi for over six
months by the time it is finished.
|
|
Used to
|
Jeremy used to close the window.
|
The window used to be closhed by Jeremy.
|
|
Would Always
|
My father would always make the telescope.
|
The telescope would always be made by my father.
|
|
Future in the Past Would
|
You knew Nathan would finish the job by 4:00 PM.
|
You knew the job would be finished by 4:00 PM.
|
|
Future in the Past Was Going to
|
We thought Sarah was going to make a dinner tonight.
|
We thought a dinner was going to be made by Sarah tonight.
|
Contoh
Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif di dalam Artikel
Highlight hijau menunjukkan kalimat aktif dan font merah menunjukkan kalimat pasif.
Highlight hijau menunjukkan kalimat aktif dan font merah menunjukkan kalimat pasif.
Why
listening to music is the key to good health
by NAOMI COLEMAN,
femail.co.uk
It's the weekend and at
some point you'll probably relax to your favourite music, watch a film with a
catchy title track - or hit the dance floor.
There's no doubt that
listening to your favourite music can instantly put you in a good mood. But scientists
are now discovering that music can do more for you than just lift your spirits.
Research is showing it
has a variety of health benefits.
Fresh research from
Austria has found that listening to music can help patients with chronic back
pain.
And a recent survey by
Mind - the mental health charity - found that after counselling, patients found
group therapy such as art and music therapy, the most useful.
Here, we present six
proven ways that music can help you and your family's health
1.
CHRONIC BACK PAIN
How it helps: Music works on the autonomic
nervous system - the part of the nervous system responsible for controlling our
blood pressure, heartbeat and brain function - and also the limbic system - the
part of the brain that controls feelings and emotions. According to one piece
of research, both these systems react sensitively to music.
When slow
rhythms are played, our blood pressure and heartbeat slow down which helps us
breathe more slowly, thus reducing muscle tension in our neck, shoulders,
stomach and back. And experts say that apart from
physical tension, music also reduces psychological tension in our mind.
In other words when we
feel pain, we become frightened, frustrated and angry which makes us tense up
hundreds of muscles in our back. Listening to music on a regular basis helps
our bodies relax physically and mentally, thus helping to relieve - and prevent
- back pain.
The research: A
new study from Austria's General Hospital of Salzburg due to be published in
The Vienna Medical Weekly Journal could hold the key to back pain. In the
study, 65 patients aged between 21 and 68 with chronic
back pain after back surgery were divided into two groups.
One group received
standard medical care and physiotherapy. The other group also listened to music
and received visualisation classes for 25 minutes every day for three weeks.
Results found that the group who listened to music and used imagery experienced
better pain relief than the group who did not.
Clinical psychologist
Franz Wendtner who led the study says: 'Music is an important part of our
physical and emotional wellbeing - ever since we were babies in our mother's
womb listening to her heartbeat and breathing rhythms.
'Listening to music for
about 25 minutes everyday for at least ten days can help prevent back pain and
also make you sleep better.'
Which type of music is
best? Experts believe any type of classical music such as Mozart or
Beethoven can help relieve muscle pain. Calm, slow music is also thought to
help.
2.
IMPROVES YOUR WORKOUT
How it helps: Experts say listening to music
during exercise can give you a better workout in several ways. Scientists claim
it can increase your
endurance, boost your mood and can distract you from any discomfort
experienced during your workout.
The research: Dr
Robert Herdegen of America's Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked at the
effects of 12 men riding a bicycle for ten minutes while listening to music on
one day. He compared it to the same men riding bicycles without music for ten
minutes the following day.
On the days that the
men exercised listening to music, they travelled 11 per cent further - compared
to the days they didn't listen to music. Researchers also found that the men's
levels of exertion were at their lowest when listening to music.
Other studies show that
listening to music releases endorphins - our natural 'feel good' hormones that
lift our mood and give us motivation to carry on longer with exercise.
Which type of music is
best? The best type of music for exercise is thought to be high energy,
high tempo music such as hip hop or dance music.
3.
MEMORY LOSS
How it helps: For many people suffering from
memory loss the spoken language has become meaningless. Music can help patients remember tunes or songs and
get in touch with their history. This is because the part of the brain
which processes music is located next to memory.
The
research: Researchers from Norway's Sogn Og Fjordane College compared the
effects of live, taped and no music on three different groups of people
suffering from post traumatic amnesia - or memory loss.
The patients were
exposed to all three conditions, twice over six consecutive days. Results showed
that when patients listened to live or taped music, two thirds of them showed
significantly reduced symptoms of anxiety and enhanced orientation, compared to
the group that didn't listen to music.
Which type of music is
best? Research shows that people with memory loss respond best to music of
their choice.
Sumber:
